AIX Commands you cannot live without it.

Introduction

As you know, AIX® has a vast array of commands that enable you to do a multitude of tasks. Depending on what you need to accomplish, you use only a certain subset of these commands. These subsets differ from user to user and from need to need. However, there are a few core commands that you commonly use. You need these commands either to answer your own questions or to provide answers to the queries of the support professionals.

In this article, I'll discuss some of these core commands. The intent is to provide a list that you can use as a ready reference. While the behavior of these commands should be identical in all releases of AIX, they have been only tested under AIX 5.3.

Note:
The bootinfo command discussed in the following paragraphs is NOT a user-level command and is NOT supported in AIX 4.2 or later.

Commands

Kernel

How would I know if I am running a 32-bit kernel or 64-bit kernel? 

To display if the kernel is 32-bit enabled or 64-bit enabled, type:
bootinfo -K 

How do I know if I am running a uniprocessor kernel or a multiprocessor kernel? 

/unix is a symbolic link to the booted kernel. To find out what kernel mode is running, enter ls -l /unix and see what file /unix it links to. The following are the three possible outputs from the ls -l /unix command and their corresponding kernels: 

/unix -> /usr/lib/boot/unix_up # 32 bit uniprocessor kernel /unix -> /usr/lib/boot/unix_mp # 32 bit multiprocessor kernel/unix -> /usr/lib/boot/unix_64 # 64 bit multiprocessor kernel 

Note:
AIX 5L Version 5.3 does not support a uniprocessor kernel.

How can I change from one kernel mode to another? 

During the installation process, one of the kernels, appropriate for the AIX version and the hardware in operation, is enabled by default. Let us use the method from the previous question and assume the 32-bit kernel is enabled. Let us also assume that you want to boot it up in the 64-bit kernel mode. This can be done by executing the following commands in sequence: 

#ln -sf /usr/lib/boot/unix_64 /unix
#/usr/lib/boot/unix bosboot -ad /dev/hdiskxx
#shutdown -r 

The /dev/hdiskxx directory is where the boot logical volume /dev/hd5 is located. To find out what xx is in hdiskxx, run the following command: 

#lslv -m hd5 

Note:
In AIX 5.2, the 32-bit kernel is installed by default. In AIX 5.3, the 64-bit kernel is installed on 64-bit hardware and the 32-bit kernel is installed on 32-bit hardware by default.

Hardware

How would I know if my machine is capable of running AIX 5L Version 5.3? 

AIX 5L Version 5.3 runs on all currently supported CHRP (Common Hardware Reference Platform)-based POWER hardware.

How would I know if my machine is CHRP-based? 

Run the prtconf command. If it's a CHRP machine, the string chrp appears on the Model Architecture line.

How would I know if my System p machine (hardware) is 32-bit or 64-bit? 

To display if the hardware is 32-bit or 64-bit, type:

#bootinfo -y 

How much real memory does my machine have? 

To display real memory in kilobytes (KB), type one of the following:

#bootinfo -r 

#lsattr -El sys0 -a realmem 

Can my machine run the 64-bit kernel? 

64-bit hardware is required to run the 64-bit kernel. 

What are the values of attributes for devices in my system? 

To list the current values of the attributes for the tape device, rmt0, type:

#lsattr -l rmt0 -E 

To list the default values of the attributes for the tape device, rmt0, type:

#lsattr -l rmt0 -D 

To list the possible values of the login attribute for the TTY device, tty0, type:

#lsattr -l tty0 -a login -R 

To display system level attributes, type:

#lsattr -E -l sys0 

How many processors does my system have? 

To display the number of processors on your system, type:

#lscfg | grep proc 

How many hard disks does my system have and which ones are in use? 

To display the number of hard disks on your system, type:

#lspv 

How do I list information about a specific physical volume?

To find details about hdisk1, for example, run the following command: 

#lspv hdisk1 

How do I get a detailed configuration of my system? 

Type the following:

#lscfg 

The following options provide specific information: 
-p

Displays platform-specific device information. The flag is applicable to AIX 4.2.1 or later.
-v
Displays the VPD (Vital Product Database) found in the customized VPD object class.

For example, to display details about the tape drive, rmt0, type: 

lscfg -vl rmt0 

You can obtain very similar information by running the prtconf command.

How do I find out the chip type, system name, node name, model number, and so forth? 

The uname command provides details about your system. 

#uname -p 
Displays the chip type of the system. For example, PowerPC.

#uname -r 
Displays the release number of the operating system.

#uname -s 
Displays the system name. For example, AIX.

#uname -n 
Displays the name of the node. 

#uname -a 
Displays the system name, nodename, version, machine ID.

#uname -M 
Displays the system model name. For example, IBM, 9114-275.

#uname -v 
Displays the operating system version.

#uname -m 
Displays the machine ID number of the hardware running the system.

#uname -u 
Displays the system ID number. 

AIX

What version, release, and maintenance level of AIX is running on my system? 

Type one of the following: 

#oslevel –r 

#lslpp -h bos.rte 

How can I determine which fileset updates are missing from a particular AIX level?

To determine which fileset updates are missing from 5300-04, for example, run the following command:

#oslevel -rl 5300-04 

What SP (Service Pack) is installed on my system?

To see which SP is currently installed on the system, run the oslevel -s command. Sample output for an AIX 5L Version 5.3 system, with TL4, and SP2 installed would be:

#oslevel –s5300-04-02 

Is a CSP (Concluding Service Pack) installed on my system?

To see if a CSP is currently installed on the system, run the oslevel -s command. Sample output for an AIX 5L Version 5.3 system, with TL3, and CSP installed would be:

#oslevel –s5300-03-CSP 

How do I create a file system?

The following command will create, within volume group testvg, a jfs file system of 10MB with mounting point /fs1:

#crfs -v jfs -g testvg -a size=10M -m /fs1 

The following command will create, within volume group testvg, a jfs2 file system of 10MB with mounting point /fs2 and having read only permissions:

#crfs -v jfs2 -g testvg -a size=10M -p ro -m /fs2 

How do I change the size of a file system? 

To increase the /usr file system size by 1000000 512-byte blocks, type:

#chfs -a size=+1000000 /usr 

Note:
In AIX 5.3, the size of a JFS2 file system can be shrunk as well.

How do I mount a CD? 

Type the following: 

#mount -V cdrfs -o ro /dev/cd0 /cdrom 

How do I mount a file system?

The following command will mount file system /dev/fslv02 on the /test directory:

#mount /dev/fslv02 /test 

How do I mount all default file systems (all standard file systems in the /etc/filesystems file marked by the mount=true attribute)?

The following command will mount all such file systems:

#mount {-a|all} 

How do I unmount a file system?

Type the following command to unmount /test file system:

#umount /test 

How do I display mounted file systems?

Type the following command to display information about all currently mounted file systems:

#mount 

How do I remove a file system?

Type the following command to remove the /test file system:

#rmfs /test 

How can I defragment a file system?

The defragfs command can be used to improve or report the status of contiguous space within a file system. For example, to defragment the file system /home, use the following command:

#defragfs /home 

Which fileset contains a particular binary? 

To show bos.acct contains /usr/bin/vmstat, type:

#lslpp -w /usr/bin/vmstat 

Or to show bos.perf.tools contains /usr/bin/svmon, type:

which_fileset svmon 

How do I display information about installed filesets on my system?

Type the following:

#lslpp -l 

How do I determine if all filesets of maintenance levels are installed on my system? 

Type the following:

#instfix -i | grep ML 

How do I determine if a fix is installed on my system? 

To determine if IY24043 is installed, type:

#instfix -ik IY24043 

How do I install an individual fix by APAR?

To install APAR IY73748 from /dev/cd0, for example, enter the command:

#instfix -k IY73748 -d /dev/cd0 

How do I verify if filesets have required prerequisites and are completely installed? 

To show which filesets need to be installed or corrected, type:

#lppchk –v 

How do I get a dump of the header of the loader section and the symbol entries in symbolic representation? 

Type the following:

#dump –Htv 

How do I determine the amount of paging space allocated and in use? 

Type the following:

#lsps –a 

How do I increase a paging space?

You can use the chps -s command to dynamically increase the size of a paging space. For example, if you want to increase the size of hd6 with 3 logical partitions, you issue the following command:

#chps -s 3 hd6 

How do I reduce a paging space?

You can use the chps -d command to dynamically reduce the size of a paging space. For example, if you want to decrease the size of hd6 with four logical partitions, you issue the following command:

#chps -d 4 hd6 

How would I know if my system is capable of using Simultaneous Multi-threading (SMT)?

Your system is capable of SMT if it's a POWER5-based system running AIX 5L Version 5.3.

How would I know if SMT is enabled for my system? 

If you run the smtctl command without any options, it tells you if it's enabled or not.

Is SMT supported for the 32-bit kernel? 

Yes, SMT is supported for both 32-bit and 64-bit kernel.

How do I enable or disable SMT? 

You can enable or disable SMT by running the smtctl command. The following is the syntax: 

#smtctl [ -m off | on [ -w boot | now]] 

The following options are available:

-m off
Sets SMT mode to disabled.

-m on 
Sets SMT mode to enabled.

-w boot 
Makes the SMT mode change effective on next and subsequent reboots if you run the bosboot command before the next system reboot.

-w now 
Makes the SMT mode change immediately but will not persist across reboot. 

If neither the -w boot or the -w now options are specified, then the mode change is made immediately. It persists across subsequent reboots if you run the bosboot command before the next system reboot. 

How do I get partition-specific information and statistics? 

The lparstat command provides a report of partition information and utilization statistics. This command also provides a display of Hypervisor information.

Volume groups and logical volumes

How do I know if my volume group is normal, big, or scalable? 

Run the lsvg command on the volume group and look at the value for MAX PVs. The value is 32 for normal, 128 for big, and 1024 for scalable volume group.

How to create a volume group? 

Use the following command, where s partition_size sets the number of megabytes (MB) in each physical partition where the partition_size is expressed in units of MB from 1 through 1024. (It's 1 through 131072 for AIX 5.3.) The partition_size variable must be equal to a power of 2 (for example: 1, 2, 4, 8). The default value for standard and big volume groups is the lowest value to remain within the limitation of 1016 physical partitions per physical volume. The default value for scalable volume groups is the lowest value to accommodate 2040 physical partitions per physical volume.

#mkvg -y name_of_volume_group -s partition_size list_of_hard_disks 

How can I change the characteristics of a volume group? 

You use the following command to change the characteristics of a volume group:

#chvg 

How do I create a logical volume? 

Type the following:

#mklv -y name_of_logical_volume name_of_volume_group number_of_partition 

How do I increase the size of a logical volume?

To increase the size of the logical volume represented by the lv05 directory by three logical partitions, for example, type:

#extendlv lv05 3 

How do I display all logical volumes that are part of a volume group (for example, rootvg)?

You can display all logical volumes that are part of rootvg by typing the following command:

#lsvg -l rootvg 

How do I list information about logical volumes?

Run the following command to display information about the logical volume lv1:

#lslv lv1 

How do I remove a logical volume?

You can remove the logical volume lv7 by running the following command:

#rmlv lv7 

The rmlv command removes only the logical volume, but does not remove other entities, such as file systems or paging spaces that were using the logical volume.

How do I mirror a logical volume? 

1. #mklvcopy LogicalVolumeName Numberofcopies 

2. #syncvg VolumeGroupName 

How do I remove a copy of a logical volume?

You can use the rmlvcopy command to remove copies of logical partitions of a logical volume. To reduce the number of copies of each logical partition belonging to logical volume testlv, enter:

#rmlvcopy testlv 2 

Each logical partition in the logical volume now has at most two physical partitions.

Queries about volume groups 

To show volume groups in the system, type: 

#lsvg 

To show all the characteristics of rootvg, type: 

#lsvg rootvg 

To show disks used by rootvg, type: 

#lsvg -p rootvg 

How to add a disk to a volume group? 

Type the following:

#extendvg VolumeGroupName hdisk0 hdisk1 ... hdiskn 

How do I find out what the maximum supported logical track group (LTG) size of my hard disk? 

You can use the lquerypv command with the -M flag. The output gives the LTG size in KB. For instance, the LTG size for hdisk0 in the following example is 256 KB.

#/usr/sbin/lquerypv -M hdisk0256 

You can also run the lspv command on the hard disk and look at the value for MAX REQUEST.

What does syncvg command do?

The syncvg command is used to synchronize stale physical partitions. It accepts names of logical volumes, physical volumes, or volume groups as parameters.

For example, to synchronize the physical partitions located on physical volumes hdisk6 and hdisk7, use:

#syncvg -p hdisk4 hdisk5 

To synchronize all physical partitions from volume group testvg, use:

#syncvg -v testvg 

How do I replace a disk? 

1. #extendvg VolumeGroupName hdisk_new 

2. #migratepv hdisk_bad hdisk_new 

3. #reducevg -d VolumeGroupName hdisk_bad 

How can I clone (make a copy of ) the rootvg? 

You can run the alt_disk_copy command to copy the current rootvg to an alternate disk. The following example shows how to clone the rootvg to hdisk1.

#alt_disk_copy -d hdisk1 

Network

How can I display or set values for network parameters? 

The no command sets or displays current or next boot values for network tuning parameters.

How do I get the IP address of my machine?

Type one of the following:

#ifconfig -a host Fully_Qualified_Host_Name 

For example, type host cyclop.austin.ibm.com.

How do I identify the network interfaces on my server?

Either of the following two commands will display the network interfaces:

#lsdev -Cc if 

#ifconfig –a 

To get information about one specific network interface, for example, tr0, run the command:

#ifconfig tr0 

How do I activate a network interface?

To activate the network interface tr0, run the command:

#ifconfig tr0 up 

How do I deactivate a network interface?

For example, to deactivate the network interface tr0, run the command:

#ifconfig tr0 down

Useful tips in AIX

ls -l /home | sort -rn        This displays files and directoris inside /home as per their size, larger file on top.

ls -l /home/* sort -rn        This displays files and also the subdirectories in the /home/ directories as per their size, larger one on top.

Note:  If /home dir. contains more than one dir. then it first shows all the directiory name and then the files inside the directories as per the directory order. The order is symlink, Directory name, file name.

du /home | sort -rn          This also displays the subdirectories inside /home as per their size but not files.

du -m /home/test/smit.log     This shows the size of the smit.log in MB. 
-g=GB, -k=KB, without flag=shows in Block size.


ls -lrt | grep 'Jan 10' | awk '{print$9}' > namefile          This is used to get only the file names dated Jan 2010 in a namefile

rm `cat namefile`           To delete filenames mentioned in the namefile created by the above command. 


To execute a command in a loop, i.e. in a certain intervals, put the small script in the shell

while i=
do
df -g /backup
sleep 3
done

in the above example this will show the size of /backup filesystem in each 3 seconds interval.


stty erase ^?       To use backspace button to clear previous letters.

set -o vi      To see previous executed commands using vi style
i.e. esc+ j=up, h=down, l=go right, g=go left, /string= search the command from history, 

How to disable telnet in AIX

#vi /etc/inetd.conf

comment out telnet from this file (#telnet ... ... .. )

save it and

#refresh -s inetd

Then telnet session will be disabled in that server from now.

Short forms related to IBM AIX

IBM         International Business Machines 

AIX        Advanced Interactive eXecutive (Advanced IBM uniX)

POWER   Performance Optimized With Enhanced RISC

RISC       Reduced Instruction Set Computing

CISC      Complex Instruction Set Computing

SCSI      Small computer Simple Interface

PCI       Peripheral Component Interconnect

ISA       Industry Standard Architecture

MCA     Micro Channel Architectural

CHRP    Common Hardware Reference Platform

SMP      Symmetric Multi Processor

PSSP     Parallel System Support Programs

LPAR    Logical PARtition 

HACMP  High Availability Cluster Multi Processing

RSCT   Really Scalable ( RS6000) Cluster Technology

P2SC   POWER2 Super Chips

RAS     Releability Availability Serviceability

SMP    Symmetric Multi Processing

NUMA   Non-Uniform Memory Access

MPP     Massively Parallel Processing

CMP    Chip Multi Processing

CAD   Computer Aided Design

CWS   Controll Work Station

ISB    Intermediate Switch Boards

SDR    System Data Depository

PVM   Parallel Virtual Machine

MPI   Message Passing Interface

HPF   High Performance FORTRAN 

HMC     Hardware Management Console

ASM     Advanced System Management

NIM      Network Installation Manager

LPP      Licenced program Product

BOS     Base Operating System

APAR    Authorized program Analysis Report

SMS     System Management Services

SRC     System Resource Controller 

JFS       Journaled File System

JFS2     Enhanced Journaled File System

CDRFS   CD-ROM File System

UDFS     Universal Disk Format Specification

CIFS      Common Internet File System

NFS      Network File System

NBPI     Number of Bytes Per Inode 

WSM    Web based System management

RMC     Resource Monitoring and Controll

DAT     Digital Audio tape

QIC     Quarter Inch Catridge

DLT     Digital Linear Tape

LTO     Linear tape Operation

TAR     Tape ARchive

CPIO   CoPy Input to Output 

DD      Device to Device

TCTL   Tape  ConTroL 

DCE    Distributed Computing Environment 

CDE    Common Desktop Environment

PPA    parallel Port Adapter

TCP/IP     Transmission Control Protocol / Internet protocol

DARPA    Department of Advanced Research Projects Agency

IAB      Internet Architecture Board

RFC     Request For Comments

LAN     Local Area Network

WAN    Wide Area Network

NIS     Network Infornation Services

DNS    Domain Name Service

DHCP   Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

NCS     Network Computing System

ICMP    Internet Control Message Protocol

PING    Packet InterNet Gropher

ODM     Object Data Manager

SWVPD   SoftWare Vital Product Data

SRC    System Resource Controller

SMIT  System Management Interface Tool

PUN   Physical Unit Number

LUN   Logical Unit Number

LVM   Logical Volume Manager 

VGDA    Volume Group Descriptor Area

VGSA     Volume Group Status Area

LVCB    Logical Volume Control Block

LVDD  Logical Volume Device Driver

PDT    Performance Diagnostic Tool

SSH    Secured SHell

RSH    Restricted SHell 

EA       Extended Attributes

ACL     Access Controll List

TCB    Trusted Computing Base

SAK    Secure Authentication Key

SAN    Storage Area Network

NAS    Network Area Storage (by NFS)

Fix a corrupted BLV in AIX

Recreate BOOT LOGICAL VOLUME (BLV) in AIX
If a Boot Logical volume (BLV) is corrupted, a machine will not boot.
(Eg:bad block in a disk might cause a corrupted BLV)

To fix this situation, You must boot your machine in maintenance mode, from a CD or Tape. If a NIM has been setup for a machine, you can also boot the machine from a NIM master in maintenance mode.

The bootlists are set using the bootlist command or through the SystemManagement Services Progam (SMS). pressing F1 will go to SMS Mode.

then change the bootlist for service(maintenance) mode as 1st device to CD ROM.

#bootlist -m service cd0 hdisk0 hdisk1

then start maintenance mode for system recovery,

Access rootvg,

access this volum group to start a shell,

then recreate BLV using bosboot command.

#bosboot -ad /dev/hdisk0

it's important that you do a proper shutdown, All changes need to be written from memory to disk.

#shutdown -Fr

Imp: bosboot command requires that boot logical volume hd5 exists. If you wan create a BLV ( may be it had been deleted by mistake ), do the following,

1. boot your machine in maintenance mode,
2. Create a new hd5 logical volume, one PP size, must be in rootvg,specifyboot as logical volume type,

#mklv -y hd5 -t boot rootvg 1

3. Then run bosboot command as described.


If you have an HMC, then at the time of booting select boot as SMS in theproperties of that partition.

Link Aggregation ( Network Bonding ) in AIX

Link aggregation means you can give one IP address to two network cards and connect to two different switches for redundancy purpose. In this only one network card will be active in one time, and when it got failed the other network card goes active and let us continue our work.

It is better to use through SMIT.

#smit 

then goto

Devices > Communication > EtherChannel / IEEE 802.3ad Link Aggregation > Add An EtherChannel / Link Aggregation 

here select the network card that you want to use, ie active.

Eg: select ent0

IMP : then select Mode as 8023ad 

then select backup adapter for redundancy.(press F4 to show N/W adapters.)

Eg: ent1

press enter.

now ent0 and ent1 got bonded.

then automatically a virtual adapter will be created named ent2.

then put IP address and all to this virtual adapter.

#smit

Communications Applications and Services > TCP/IP > Minimum Configuration & Startup 

here select ent2 ( new bonded virtual adapter )

put IP Address and all,

give start now option.

Now you are successfully completed Link aggregation and check whether it works or not by removing the 2nd cable to the network card and check ping, then put the 2nd cable and remove 1st cable. 2 - 3 drops normally occurs in my experience.

Configure NTP on AIX

configure NTP Server on AIX

1.Verify that you have a suitable NTP server.

#lssrc -ls xntpd

Note : sys peer should show a valid server or 127.127.1.0
If the server is "insane", you should need to correct it by adding a server line into /etc/ntp.conf and restarting xntpd.

Following these steps

#vi /etc/ntp.conf

Add server :

server 127.127.0.1

Double check that "broadcastclient" is commented.

#stopsrc -s xntpd#startsrc -s xntpd


Note : If the server runs databases, use the -x flag to prevent the clock from changing in a negative direction. Enter the following:

#startsrc -s xntpd -a "-x"

2.Enter

#lssrc -ls xntpd

to verify that the server is synched. This process can take upto 12 minutes.
configure NTP Client on AIX

1. Verify that you have a server suitable for synchronization, Enter:

#ntpdate -d ip.address.of.server

The offset must be less than 1000 seconds for xntpd to synch. If the offset is greater than 1000 seconds, change the time manually on the client and run ntpdate -d again.

If you get the message ," no server suitable for synchronization found", verifyxntpd is running on the server (see above )and that no firewalls are blocking port 123.

2. Specify your xntpd server in /etc/ntop.conf, Enter

#vi /etc/ntp.conf

comment "broadcastclient" line and add

server ip.address.of.server prefer

leave the driftfile and tracefile at their defaults.

3. start the xntpd daemon,

#startsrc -s xntpd

( use the -x flag if it is appropriate in your environment.)

4. Uncomment xntpd from /etc/rc.tcpip so it will start on reboot.

#vi /etc/rc.tcpip

Unconmment the following line

start /usr/sbin/xntpd "$src-running"

If using the -x flag, add "-x" to the end oof the line. you must include the qoutes around "-x"

5. verify that the client is synched.

#lssrsc -ls xntpd

Note: sys peer should display the IP Adress or name of your xntpd server.This process may take 12 minutes

NIM related Commands in AIX

lsnim     To list the nim resources

lsnim -l  dcmds     To list the detailed info about the object dcmds

lsnim -O dcmds     To list the operation dcmds object can support

lsnim -c resources dcmds   To list the resources allocated to the machine dcmds

nimclient    The client version of nim command (User can obtain same results of nim in server ) 

nimconfig -a pif_name=en0 -a netname=net1    To initialise the NIM master with network name net1

nimconfig -r    To rebuild /etc/niminfo file which contains the variables for NIM

nim -o define  -t  lpp_source  -a  source=/dev/cd0  -a  server=master  -a  location=/export/lpp_source/lpp_source1   lpp_source1     To define  lpp_source1 image in /export/lpp_source/lpp_source directory from source cd0

nim -o define -t mksysb -a server=master  -a location=/resources/mksysb.image mksysb1    To define mksysb resource mksysb1, from source /resources/mksysb.image on master 

nim -o remove inst_resource    To remove the resource inst_resource 

nim -o check lpp_source1   To check the status of  lpp_source lpp_source1


nim -o allocate -a spot=spot1 -a lpp_source=lpp_source1 node1   To allocate the resources spot1 and lpp_source1 to the client node1

nim -o bos_inst node1   To initialise NIM for the BOS installation on node1 with the allocated resources

nim  -o dkls_init dcmds  To initialize the machine dcmds as diskless operation 

nim -o dtls_init dcmds   To initialize the machine dcmds for dataless operation 

nim -o cust dcmds    To initialize the machine dcmds for customize operation 

nim -o diag dcmds    To initialize the machine dcmds for diag operation 

nim -o maint dcmds    To initialize the machine dcmds for maintenance operation 

nim -o define -t standalone -a platform=rspc -a if1="net1 dcmds xxxxx" -a cable_type1=bnc dcmds    To define the machine dcmds as standalone with platform as rspc and network as net1 with cable type bnc and mac address xxxxx 

nim -o unconfig master    To unconfigure nim master 

nim -o allocate -a spot=spot1 dcmds  To allocate the resource spot1 from machine dcmds 

nim -o deallocate -a spot=spot1 dcmds   To de allocate the resource spot1 from machine dcmds

nim -o remove dcmds   To remove machine dcmds after removing all resources associated to it

nim -o reboot dcmds   To reboot ther client dcmds

nim -o define -t lpp_source -a location=/software/lpp1 -a server=master -a source=/dev/cd0 lpp1    To define lppsource lpp1 on master at /software/lpp1 directory from source device /dev/cd0